Nurs fpx 4000 Assessment 2 Applying Research Skills Exams

Rayhan (2025) came up with a comprehensive summary of the increasing global menace of antibiotic resistance and its broad-ranging impact on healthcare services, economies, and even human health. The article describes the mechanism of the resistance which occurs as a result of the animal mechanisms in medicine and agriculture, and how human practices only exacerbate the situation by overusing and misusing antibiotics, in medicine and agriculture. A lack of surveillance and poor healthcare, as well as a lack of preventive measures, according to the review, are killing millions of people every year; this is especially in poor and middle-income countries and those infected with antibiotic-resistant infections. The author had a dual interface to the solution of the tangible problem of resistance, and this can entail the development of new antimicrobial treatments and stringent preventive measures. These are the programs of antimicrobial stewardship, vaccination, infection-control practices, and the one health, which takes into consideration the interrelations between humans, animals, and the environment. The article is a legitimate and useful tool to the healthcare providers, policy makers, and researchers because the author summarized the available evidence and gave the interventions that are likely to enhance the current evidence-based practices against antibiotic resistance and to safeguard the health of the population.

Handayani, R., Pertiwi, V. (2024). Antibiotic stewardship: How it is implemented in a primary healthcare facility. Pharmaceutical Science. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113102

A scoping review by Handayani and Pertiwi (2024) was aimed at investigating how programs of antibiotic stewardship can be utilized to enhance the responsible use of antibiotics in clinical practice, especially in the primary care setting. The authors systematically searched databases and filtered the articles using Covidence, and used the Cochrane EPOC framework to guide search and extraction of data and the classification of information. The inclusion criteria were picked based on seventeen studies, and the research findings manifested that the stewardship interventions may also be used to facilitate the change of prescribing patterns and assist the healthcare professionals through the process of communicating through prescribing guidelines, the education of the clinicians, and the audit and feedback programs. Nevertheless, the lack of patient engagement, unequal implementation, and the lack of personalization of stewardship strategies are other chronic issues that the review found. The authors stressed that only on a platform of the mutual understanding of such a kind of decision-making, the routine evaluation of the program, and the more effective dialogue between the clinicians and patients, a significant change in the sphere of antibiotic abuse can be introduced. This review has an excellent methodology as it is systematic, and the use of the JBI critical appraisal checklist to determine the quality of the studies allows arguing that the review can be deemed credible. Throughout the strengths, though, this review signified the gaps in the evidence of the research in the long term, lack of sustainability, and the poor generalizability of the research to other settings of healthcare. On the whole, the article is useful in terms of a valuable concept on the virtues and deficiencies of antibiotic-stewardship programs and the necessity to be more patient-centered and participatory when speaking about the problem of antibiotic resistance in practice.

Alolayyan, M. N., Hamadneh, S., Al-Faraj, H., & Abedalkader, T. (2025). Assessing management strategies and societal challenges of antibiotics available policies: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2025.2528047

The article elaborates on one of the most vital issues of the treatment of antibiotic resistance, such as the good management and the responsible use of antibiotics, and gives a deep insight into the obstacles to the problem in society, the gaps in the policy, and also discusses the evidence-based strategies. The authors were able to identify two types of misuse, which are deliberate and unintentional, whereby the patients are seeking antibiotics when they do not need them, and the other type, which is a consequence of adverse response, lack of knowledge, and access. Using the findings of a systematic literature review, the article proves that unwarranted treatment with antibiotics improves resistance, leads to treatment failures, higher incidence, and higher costs of health care services. It also indicates that one can alter the strategy of using the antibiotic and curb resistance by regulating the policies and awareness among the population. Alolayyan et al. (2025) suggest adopting a multi-pronged strategy that incorporates a combination of such elements as public education, the coordination of the healthcare system, the introduction of policies, and the integration of the stewardship programs to help to increase the utilization of antibiotics. This article demonstrates the need to integrate behavioral, systemic, and policy-based interventions, and it will be used to help reduce misuse. Its advantages are that it analyses the global management practices and the ills that society has to face, though it declares that barely anything is known about the sustainability, cost-efficiency, and cross-cultural universality in the long run. In general, the source is very authoritative and may provide health professionals and policymakers with a lot of information that they can utilize to establish an evidence-based intervention approach towards reducing antibiotic resistance and promoting safe use.

In the first place, it is necessary to identify the healthcare problem. It will become possible with the help of searching relevant studies via credible sources. Analyzing, comparing the results, choosing the best solutions and utilizing them to improve healthcare services and give better care to the patients is the main purpose.